Joint
|
Recommended Testing
Position
|
Stabilization
|
Center
|
Proximal Arm
|
Distal Arm
|
LEFT
|
Motion
|
RIGHT
|
| Glenohumeral |
Supine, knees
flexed, G-H 00 of abd, add, rot, 00
of pronation-supination |
Scapula to
prevent elevation, post tilting, & UR, Thorax to
prevent spine extension |
Close to
acromion process |
Midaxillary
line of thorax |
Lateral
midline of humerus, lateral epicondyle |
|
Flexion
|
|
| |
Prone, head
facing away from involved shoulder, G-H 00 abd
& rot, elbow slight flex, 00 of
pronation-supination |
Scapula to
prevent elevation, ant tilting |
Close to
acromion process |
Midaxillary
line of thorax |
Lateral
midline of humerus, lateral epicondyle |
|
Extension
|
|
| |
Supine, may
be sitting or prone, G-H 00 flex-ext, full
ext rot, elbow ext |
Scapula to
prevent UR & elevation, Thorax to prevent lateral
flex of trunk |
Close to ant.
acromion process |
Parallel to
midline of ant sternum |
Medial
midline of humerus |
|
Abduction
|
|
| |
Supine, may
be sitting or prone, G-H 00 flex-ext, full ext
rot, elbow ext |
Scapula to
prevent UR & elevation, Thorax to prevent lateral
flex of trunk |
Close to ant.
acromion process |
Parallel to
midline of ant sternum |
Medial
midline of humerus |
|
Adduction
|
|
| |
Supine, arm
in 900 of abd, forearm perpendicular to
supporting surface & 00 of
pronation-supination, full length of humerus on
supporting surface |
Humerus to
maintain 900 abduction, scapula to prevent
elevation & ant tilting |
Over olecranon
process |
Parallel to or
perpendicular to floor |
Ulnar, using
olecranon & ulnar styloid |
|
Internal
rotation
|
|
| |
Supine, arm
in 900 of abd, forearm perpendicular to
supporting surface & 00 of
pronation-supination, full length of humerus on
supporting surface |
Humerus to
maintain 900 abduction, scapula to prevent
post tilting |
Over olecranon
process |
Parallel to or
perpendicular to floor |
Ulnar, using
olecranon & ulnar styloid |
|
External
rotation
|
|
| Elbow |
Supine, G-H
in 00 flex, ext, abd. Pad under dital humerus
to allow full ext. Forearm in full supination |
Distal end of
humerus to prevent shoulder flexion |
Lateral
epicondyle of humerus |
Lateral
midline of humerus, reference acromion process |
Lateral
midline of radius, reference radial head & styloid |
|
Flexion
|
|
| |
Supine, G-H
in 00 flex, ext, abd. Pad under dital humerus
to allow full ext. Forearm in full supination |
Distal end of
humerus to prevent shoulder flexion |
Lateral
epicondyle of humerus |
Lateral
midline of humerus, reference acromion process |
Lateral
midline of radius, reference radial head & styloid |
|
Extension
|
|
| Radioulnar |
Sitting, G-H
in 00 of flex, ext, abd, add, & rot, Elbow
flexed 900, Forearm supported by examiner,
initially in 00 pronation-supination |
Distal
humerus to prevent IR & abduction of G-H |
Lateral to
ulnar styloid process |
Parallel to
ant. midline of humerus |
Across dorsal
aspect of forearm, just proximal to styloid processes of
radius & ulna |
|
Pronation
|
|
| |
Sitting, G-H
in 00 of flex, ext, abd, add, & rot, Elbow
flexed 900, Forearm supported by examiner,
initially in 00 pronation-supination |
Distal
humerus to prevent ER & add of G-H |
Medial to
ulnar styloid process |
Parallel to
ant. midline of humerus |
Across volar
aspect of forearm, just proximal to styloid processes of
radius & ulna |
|
|
|
| Wrist |
Sitting next
to supporting surface. G-H abd 900, Elbow
flexed 900, Forearm in 00
supination-pronation, resting on supporting surface, hand
free to move. Avoid wrist radial-ulnar flexion &
finger flexion |
Stabilize
radius & ulna to prevent supination or pronation |
Lateral aspect
of wrist over triquetrum |
Lateral
midline of ulna. Reference olecranon & ulnar styloid
process |
Lateral
midline of 5th metacarpal |
|
Flexion
|
|
| |
Sitting next
to supporting surface. G-H abd 900, Elbow
flexed 900, Forearm in 00
supination-pronation, resting on supporting surface, hand
free to move. Avoid wrist radial-ulnar flexion &
finger flexion |
Stabilize
radius & ulna to prevent supination or pronation |
Lateral aspect
of wrist over triquetrum |
Lateral
midline of ulna. Reference olecranon & ulnar styloid
process |
Lateral
midline of 5th metacarpal |
|
Extension
|
|
| |
Sitting next
to supporting surface. G-H abd 900, Elbow
flexed 900, Forearm in 00
supination-pronation, resting on supporting surface, hand
free to move. Avoid wrist radial-ulnar flexion &
finger flexion |
Stabilize
distal ends of radius & ulna to prevent proation
& supination of forearm & elbow flexion beyond 900 |
Middle of
dorsal aspect of wrist over capitate |
Dorsal midline
of forearm. Reference lateral epicondyle of humerus |
Dorsal
midline of 3rd metacarpal. Reference 3rd
phalanx |
|
Radial
flexion
|
|
| |
Sitting next
to supporting surface. G-H abd 900, Elbow
flexed 900, Forearm in 00
supination-pronation, resting on supporting surface, hand
free to move. Avoid wrist radial-ulnar flexion &
finger flexion |
Stabilize
distal ends of radius & ulna to prevent proation
& supination of forearm & elbow flexion beyond 900 |
Middle of
dorsal aspect of wrist over capitate |
Dorsal midline
of forearm. Reference lateral epicondyle of humerus |
Dorsal
midline of 3rd metacarpal. Reference 3rd
phalanx |
|
Ulnar
flexion
|
|
| Metacarpophalangeal
(fingers) |
Sitting,
forearm in 00 supination-pronation, wrist in 00
flexion, extension, radial & ulnar flexion. Forearm
& hand rest on supporting surface. MCP in 00
abd & add. Avoid extreme flex of PIP & DIP |
Stabilize
metacarpal to prevent wrist motion. Do not hold MCP of
other fingers in extension |
Over dorsal
aspect of MCP |
Dorsal midline
of metacarpal |
Dorsal
midline of proximal phalanx |
|
Flexion
|
|
| |
Sitting,
forearm in 00 supination-pronation, wrist in 00
flexion, extension, radial & ulnar flexion. Forearm
& hand rest on supporting surface. MCP in 00
abd & add. Avoid extension or extreme flex of PIP
& DIP |
Stabilize
metacarpal to prevent wrist motion. Do not hold MCP of
other fingers in full flexion |
Over dorsal
aspect of MCP |
Dorsal midline
of metacarpal |
Dorsal
midline of proximal phalanx |
|
Extension
|
|
| |
Sitting,
forearm in full pronation, wrist in 00
flexion, extension, radial & ulnar flexion. Forearm
& hand rest on supporting surface. MCP in 00
flex & ext |
Stabilize
metacarpal to prevent wrist motion. |
Over dorsal
aspect of MCP |
Dorsal midline
of metacarpal |
Dorsal
midline of proximal phalanx |
|
Abduction
|
|
| |
Sitting,
forearm in full pronation, wrist in 00
flexion, extension, radial & ulnar flexion. Forearm
& hand rest on supporting surface. MCP in 00
flex & ext |
Stabilize
metacarpal to prevent wrist motion. |
Over dorsal
aspect of MCP |
Dorsal midline
of metacarpal |
Dorsal
midline of proximal phalanx |
|
Adduction
|
|
| Proximal
interphangeal (Fingers) |
Sitting,
forearm in 00 supination-pronation, wrist in 00
flexion, extension, radial & ulnar flexion. Forearm
& hand rest on supporting surface. MCP in 00
flex, ext, abd & add. |
Stabilize
proximal phalanx to prevent motion of wrist & MCP
joint |
Over dorsal
aspect of PIP |
Dorsal midline
of proximal phalanx |
Dorsal
midline of middle phalanx |
|
Flexion
|
|
| |
Sitting,
forearm in 00 supination-pronation, wrist in 00
flexion, extension, radial & ulnar flexion. Forearm
& hand rest on supporting surface. MCP in 00
flex, ext, abd & add. |
Stabilize
proximal phalanx to prevent motion of wrist & MCP
joint |
Over dorsal
aspect of PIP |
Dorsal midline
of proximal phalanx |
Dorsal
midline of middle phalanx |
|
Extension
|
|
| Distal
interphangeal (Fingers) |
Sitting,
forearm in 00 supination-pronation, wrist in 00
flexion, extension, radial & ulnar flexion. Forearm
& hand rest on supporting surface. MCP in 00
flex, ext, abd & add. PIP in 700 to 900
flex. |
Stabilize
middle phalanx to prevent further flexion & extension
of wrist, MCP & PIP joints |
Over dorsal
aspect of DIP |
Dorsal midline
of middle phalanx |
Dorsal
midline of distal phalanx |
|
Flexion
|
|
| |
Sitting,
forearm in 00 supination-pronation, wrist in 00
flexion, extension, radial & ulnar flexion. Forearm
& hand rest on supporting surface. MCP in 00
flex, ext, abd & add. PIP in 700 to 900
flex. |
Stabilize
middle phalanx to prevent extension of wrist, MCP &
PIP joints |
Over dorsal
aspect of DIP |
Dorsal midline
of middle phalanx |
Dorsal
midline of distal phalanx |
|
Extension
|
|
| Carpometacarpal
(Thumb) |
Sitting,
forearm in full supination, wrist in 00
flexion, extension, radial & ulnar flexion. CMC of
thumb in 00 of abd & add. MCP & IP in
00 of flex & ext. Forearm & hand rest
on supporting surface |
Stabilize
carpal bones to prevent wrist motions |
Palmar aspect
of 1st CMC joint |
Ventral
midline of radius using ventral surface of radial head
& styloid for reference |
Ventral
midline of 1st metacarpal |
|
Flexion
|
|
| |
Sitting,
forearm in full supination, wrist in 00
flexion, extension, radial & ulnar flexion. CMC of
thumb in 00 of abd & add. MCP & IP in
00 of flex & ext. Forearm & hand rest
on supporting surface |
Stabilize
carpal bones to prevent wrist motions |
Palmar aspect
of 1st CMC joint |
Ventral
midline of radius using ventral surface of radial head
& styloid for reference |
Ventral
midline of 1st metacarpal |
|
Extension
|
|
| |
Sitting,
forearm in 00 supination-pronation, wrist in 00
flexion, extension, radial & ulnar flexion. CMC, MCP,
& IP in 00 of flex & ext. Forearm
& hand rest on supporting surface |
Stabilize
carpal bones & second metacarpal to prevent wrist
motions |
Lateral aspect
of radial styloid process |
Lateral
midline of 2nd metacarpal. Reference center of
2nd MCP joint |
Lateral
midline of 1st metacarpal. Reference center of
1st MCP joint |
|
Abduction
|
|
| |
Sitting,
forearm in 00 supination-pronation, wrist in 00
flexion, extension, radial & ulnar flexion. CMC, MCP,
& IP in 00 of flex & ext. Forearm
& hand rest on supporting surface |
Stabilize
carpal bones & second metacarpal to prevent wrist
motions |
Lateral aspect
of radial styloid process |
Lateral
midline of 2nd metacarpal. Reference center of
2nd MCP joint |
Lateral
midline of 1st metacarpal. Reference center of
1st MCP joint |
|
Adduction
|
|
| |
Sitting,
forearm in full supination, wrist in 00
flexion, extension, radial & ulnar flexion. IP of
thumb & little finger in 00 in flex &
ext. Forearm & hand rest on supporting surface. |
Stabilize 5th
metacarpal to prevent wrist motions |
Use ruler to
measure distance between tip of thumb & 5th
finger |
|
|
|
Opposition
|
|
| Metacarpophalangeal
(Thumb) |
Sitting,
forearm in full supination, wrist in 00
flexion, extension, radial & ulnar flexion. CMC in 00
of flex, ext, abd, & add. IP of thumb in 00
in flex & ext. Forearm & hand rest on supporting
surface. |
Stabilize 1st
metacarpal to prevent wrist motion and flexion &
opposition of thumb CMC |
Dorsal aspect
of MCP |
Dorsal midline
of metacarpal |
Dorsal
midline of proximal phalanx |
|
Flexion
|
|
| |
Sitting,
forearm in full supination, wrist in 00
flexion, extension, radial & ulnar flexion. CMC in 00
of flex, ext, abd, add & opposition. IP of thumb in 00
in flex & ext. Forearm & hand rest on supporting
surface. |
Stabilize 1st
metacarpal to prevent motion at wrist & CMC of thumb |
Dorsal aspect
of MCP |
Dorsal midline
of metacarpal |
Dorsal
midline of proximal phalanx |
|
Extension
|
|
| Interphalangeal
(Thumb) |
Sitting,
forearm in full supination, wrist in 00
flexion, extension, radial & ulnar flexion. CMC in 00
of flex, ext, abd, & add. MCP of thumb in 00
in flex & ext. Forearm & hand rest on supporting
surface. |
Stabilize
proximal phalanx to prevent flexion or extension of MCP |
Dorsal surface
of IP |
Dorsal aspect
of proximal phalanx |
Dorsal
midline of distal phalanx |
|
Flexion
|
|
| |
Sitting,
forearm in full supination, wrist in 00
flexion, extension, radial & ulnar flexion. CMC in 00
of flex, ext, abd, & add. MCP of thumb in 00
in flex & ext. Forearm & hand rest on supporting
surface. |
Stabilize
proximal phalanx to prevent flexion or extension of MCP |
Dorsal surface
of IP |
Dorsal aspect
of proximal phalanx |
Dorsal
midline of distal phalanx |
|
Extension
|
|
| Hip |
Supine, hip
in 00 of abd, add, & rot. Initially knee
is extended, but flexion should be allowed as hip flexion
continues |
Stabilize
pelvis to prevent rotation or posterior tilting |
Lateral aspect
of hip referencing greater trochanter |
Lateral
midline of pelvis |
Lateral
midline of femur referencing femoral lateral epicondyle |
|
Flexion
|
|
| |
Prone, hip in
00 of abd, add, & rot. Knee extended |
Stabilize
pelvis to prevent rotation or anterior tilting |
Lateral aspect
of hip referencing greater trochanter |
Lateral
midline of pelvis |
Lateral
midline of femur referencing femoral lateral epicondyle |
|
Extension
|
|
| |
Supine, hip
in 00 of flex, ext, & rot. Knee is
extended. |
Stabilize
pelvis to prevent rotation or lateral tilting |
Over anterior
superior iliac spine |
Imaginary
horizontal line extending from one ASIS to other ASIS |
Anterior
midline of femur referencing patella midline |
|
Abduction
|
|
| |
Supine, hip
in 00 of flex, ext, & rot. Knee is
extended. Contralateral hip is abd to allow full ROM |
Stabilize
pelvis to prevent rotation or lateral tilting |
Over anterior
superior iliac spine |
Imaginary
horizontal line extending from one ASIS to other ASIS |
Anterior
midline of femur referencing patella midline |
|
Adduction
|
|
| |
Sitting, knee
flexed 900. Hip in 00 abd - add
& 900 flexion. Roll towel under distal
femur |
Stabilize
distal femur to prevent add or further hip flex. Avoid
rotation & lateral tilting of pelvis |
Over anterior
aspect of patella |
Perpendicular
to floor or parallel to supporting surface |
Anterior
midline of lower leg, referencing tibial crest &
point midway between malleoli |
|
Internal
rotation
|
|
| |
Sitting, knee
flexed 900. Hip in 00 abd - add
& 900 flexion. Roll towel under distal
femur. Contralateral knee may need to be flexed to allow
full ROM |
Stabilize
distal femur to prevent abd or further hip flex. Avoid
rotation & lateral tilting of pelvis |
Over anterior
aspect of patella |
Perpendicular
to floor or parallel to supporting surface |
Anterior
midline of lower leg, referencing tibial crest &
point midway between malleoli |
|
External
rotation
|
|
| Knee |
Supine, knee
in ext. Initially hip in 00 ext, abd, add, but
as knee flexes, hip also flexes |
Stabilize
femur to prevent rotation, abduction & adduction |
Over lateral
epicondyle of femur |
Lateral
midline of femur, referencing greater trochanter |
Lateral
midline of fibula, reference lateral malleolus &
fibular head |
|
Flexion
|
|
| |
Supine, knee
in ext. Hip in 00 ext, abd, add. |
Stabilize
femur to prevent rotation, abduction & adduction |
Over lateral
epicondyle of femur |
Lateral
midline of femur, referencing greater trochanter |
Lateral
midline of fibula, reference lateral malleolus &
fibular head |
|
Extension
|
|
| Talocrural |
Supine or
sitting with knee flexed 900& lower leg over edge of
table surface. Foot in 00 of inversion –eversion |
Stabilize
tibia & fibula to prevent knee motion & hip
rotation |
Lateral aspect
of lateral malleolus |
Lateral
midline of fibula. Reference fibula head |
Parallel to
lateral aspect of 5th metatarsal |
|
Dorsiflexion
|
|
| |
Supine or
sitting with knee flexed 900 & lower leg over edge of
table surface. Foot in 00 of inversion –eversion |
Stabilize
tibia & fibula to prevent knee motion & hip
rotation |
Lateral aspect
of lateral malleolus |
Lateral
midline of fibula. Reference fibula head |
Parallel to
lateral aspect of 5th metatarsal |
|
Plantar
flexion
|
|
| Subtalar |
Sitting with
knee flexed 900& lower leg over edge of
table surface. Hip in 00 of rotation, add
& abd. |
Stabilize
tibia & fibula to prevent IR and extension of knee
& ER & abd of hip. |
Over anterior
aspect of ankle midway between the malleoli |
Anterior
midline of lower leg. Reference tibial tuberosity. |
Anterior
midline of 2nd metatarsal |
|
Inversion
|
|
| |
Sitting with
knee flexed 900& lower leg over edge of
table surface. Hip in 00 of rotation, add
& abd. |
Stabilize
tibia & fibula to prevent ER and flexion of knee
& IR & add of hip. |
Over anterior
aspect of ankle midway between the malleoli |
Anterior
midline of lower leg. Reference tibial tuberosity. |
Anterior
midline of 2nd metatarsal |
|
Eversion
|
|
| Subtalar
(Hindfoot) |
Prone, hip in
00 of flex, ext, abd, add, & rot. Knee in
00 of flex-ext. Foot over edge of table. |
Stabilize
tibia & fibula to prevent hip & knee motion |
Over posterior
aspect of ankle midway between malleoli |
Posterior
midline of lower leg |
Posterior
midline of lower leg |
|
Inversion
|
|
| |
Prone, hip in
00 of flex, ext, abd, add, & rot. Knee in
00 of flex-ext. Foot over edge of table. |
Stabilize
tibia & fibula to prevent hip & knee motion |
Over posterior
aspect of ankle midway between malleoli |
Posterior
midline of lower leg |
Posterior
midline of lower leg |
|
Eversion
|
|
| Transverse
tarsal joint |
Sitting with
knee flexed 900& lower leg over edge of
table surface. Hip in 00 of rotation, add
& abd. |
Stabilize
calcaneus & talus to prevent dorsiflexion of ankle
& inversion of subtalar |
Over anterior
aspect of ankle slightly distal to a point midway between
malleoli |
Anterior
midline of lower leg. Reference tibial tuberosity |
Anterior
midline of 2nd metatarsal |
|
Inversion
|
|
| |
Sitting with
knee flexed 900& lower leg over edge of
table surface. Hip in 00 of rotation, add
& abd. |
Stabilize
calcaneus & talus to prevent plantar flexion of ankle
& eversion of subtalar |
Over medial
aspect of 1st metatarsal head |
Parallel to
anterior midline of lower leg. |
Plantar
aspect of 1st through 5th
metatarsal heads |
|
Eversion
|
|
| Metatarsophalangeal
joint |
Supine or
sitting, ankle & foot in 00 of
dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, inversion, eversion. MTP
in 00 abd & add. IP 00 in
flex-ext |
Stabilize
metatarsal to prevent plantar flexion of ankle &
inversion or eversion of foot. Do not hold MTP of other
toes in extension |
Dorsal aspect
of MTP |
Dorsal midline
of metatarsal |
Dorsal
midline of proximal phalanx |
|
Flexion
|
|
| |
Supine or
sitting, ankle & foot in 00 of
dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, inversion, eversion. MTP
in 00 abd & add. IP 00 in
flex-ext |
Stabilize
metatarsal to prevent dorsiflexion of ankle &
inversion or eversion of foot. Do not hold MTP of other
toes in extreme flexion |
Dorsal aspect
of MTP |
Dorsal midline
of metatarsal |
Dorsal
midline of proximal phalanx |
|
Extension
|
|
| |
Supine or
sitting, foot in 00 of inversion, eversion.
MTP & IP in 00 flex-ext |
Stabilize
metatarsal to prevent inversion or eversion of foot. |
Dorsal aspect
of MTP |
Dorsal midline
of metatarsal |
Dorsal
midline of proximal phalanx |
|
Abduction
|
|
| |
Supine or
sitting, foot in 00 of inversion, eversion.
MTP & IP in 00 flex-ext |
Stabilize
metatarsal to prevent inversion or eversion of foot. |
Dorsal aspect
of MTP |
Dorsal midline
of metatarsal |
Dorsal
midline of proximal phalanx |
|
Adduction
|
|
| Proximal
interphalangeal joint |
Supine or
sitting, ankle & foot in 00 of
dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, inversion, eversion. MTP
in 00 flex, ext, abd & add. |
Stabilize
metatarsal & proximal phalanx to prevent dorsiflexion
or plantar flexion of ankle & inversion or eversion
of foot. Avoid flexion & extension of MTP. |
Dorsal aspect
of IP |
Dorsal midline
of proximal phalanx |
Dorsal
midline of phalanx distal to joint being tested |
|
Flexion
|
|
| |
Supine or
sitting, ankle & foot in 00 of
dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, inversion, eversion. MTP
in 00 flex, ext, abd & add. |
Stabilize
metatarsal & proximal phalanx to prevent dorsiflexion
or plantar flexion of ankle & inversion or eversion
of foot. Avoid flexion & extension of MTP. |
Dorsal aspect
of IP |
Dorsal midline
of proximal phalanx |
Dorsal
midline of phalanx distal to joint being tested |
|
Extension
|
|
| Distal
interphalangeal joint |
Supine or
sitting, ankle & foot in 00 of
dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, inversion, eversion. MTP
& PIP in 00 flex, ext, abd & add. |
Stabilize
metatarsal, proximal, & middle phalanx to prevent
dorsiflexion or plantar flexion of ankle & inversion
or eversion of foot. Avoid flexion & extension of MTP
& PIP . |
Dorsal aspect
of DIP |
Dorsal midline
of middle phalanx |
Dorsal
midline of distal phalanx |
|
Flexion
|
|
| |
Supine or
sitting, ankle & foot in 00 of
dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, inversion, eversion. MTP
& PIP in 00 flex, ext, abd & add. |
Stabilize
metatarsal, proximal, & middle phalanx to prevent
dorsiflexion or plantar flexion of ankle & inversion
or eversion of foot. Avoid extension of MTP & PIP . |
Dorsal aspect
of DIP |
Dorsal midline
of middle phalanx |
Dorsal
midline of distal phalanx |
|
Extension
|
|
| Cervical
spine |
Sitting, with
thoracic & lumbar spine well supported by the back of
the chair. Tongue depressor can be held between teeth for
reference |
Shoulder
girdle is stabilized to prevent flexion of thoracic &
lumbar spine |
Over the
external auditory meatus |
Perpendicular
or parallel to ground |
With base of
nares or parallel to longitudinal axis of tongue
depressor |
|
Flexion
|
|
| |
Sitting, with
thoracic & lumbar spine well supported by the back of
the chair. Tongue depressor can be held between teeth for
reference |
Shoulder
girdle is stabilized to prevent flexion of thoracic &
lumbar spine |
Over the
external auditory meatus |
Perpendicular
or parallel to ground |
With base of
nares or parallel to longitudinal axis of tongue
depressor |
|
Extension
|
|
| |
Sitting, with
thoracic & lumbar spine well supported by the back of
the chair. Cervical spine in 00 of flex, ext,
& rot. Tongue depressor can be held between teeth for
reference. |
Shoulder
girdle is stabilized to prevent lateral flexion of
thoracic & lumbar spine |
Over spinous
process of C7 |
Spinous
processes of thoracic vertebrae so that arm is
perpendicular to ground |
Dorsal
midline of head. Reference occipital protuberance. |
|
Lateral
flexion
|
|
| |
Sitting, with
thoracic & lumbar spine well supported by the back of
the chair. Cervical spine in 00 of flex, ext,
& lat flex. Tongue depressor can be held between
teeth for reference. |
Shoulder
girdle is stabilized to prevent rotation of thoracic
& lumbar spine. |
Over center of
cranial aspect of head |
Parallel to
imaginary line between the two acromial processes |
With the tip
of the nose. If using tongue depressor, parallel to
longitudinal axis of tongue depressor |
|
Rotation
|
|
| Thoracic
& Lumbar spine |
Standing with
cervical, thoracic, & lumbar pine in 00 of
lateral flexion & rotation |
Stabilize
pelvis to prevent anterior tilting |
Measure
distance between spinous processes of C7 & S1 with
tape measure |
Start in
upright zero starting position |
End with
measurement at end of ROM |
|
Flexion
|
|
| |
Standing with
cervical, thoracic, & lumbar pine in 00 of
lateral flexion & rotation |
Stabilize
pelvis to prevent anterior tilting |
Measure
distance between spinous processes of C7 & S1 with
tape measure |
Start in
upright zero starting position |
End with
measurement at end of ROM with patient putting hand on
buttocks & bending backwards |
|
Extension
|
|
| |
Standing with
cervical, thoracic, & lumbar pine in 00 of
flexion, extension & rotation |
Stabilize
pelvis to prevent lateral tilting |
Over posterior
aspect of S1 spinous process |
Perpendicular
to ground |
Posterior
aspect of C7 spinous process |
|
Lateral
flexion
|
|
| |
Sitting, with
feet on floor to help stabilize pelvis. Cervical,
thoracic, & lumbar pine in 00 of flexion,
extension & lateral flexion |
Stabilize
pelvis to prevent rotation. Avoid flexion, extension,
& lateral flexion of spine |
Over center of
cranial aspect of head |
Parallel to an
imaginary line between the two prominent tubercles on the
iliac crests |
With
imaginary line between the two acromial processes |
|
Rotation
|
|
